On Monday, March 13, 2023, Arthur O'Dwyer 
`printf` will use `write(1,...)` internally, and so will `std::cout`.


That's what I thought too, but it doesn't. I need all three modifications in my aforementioned program, so maybe printf and cout go straight to an x86 syscall instruction. (I ran objdump on my binary and I could see some inline x86 syscall instructions).

I had considered intercepting sysall's, but it's not as simple as I first imagined.